Scientists have discovered what appears to be the second known living species of vampire squid in the deep waters off Hainan Island, China. This new species, named *Vampyroteuthis pseudoinfernalis*, was found at depths of 2,600 to 3,300 feet (800 to 1,000 meters) in the twilight zone, where little light penetrates.
Vampire squid (*Vampyroteuthis infernalis*) can reach lengths of about 1 foot (0.3 meters). Despite their intimidating appearance and name, they are deep-sea scavengers that primarily feed on small invertebrates, feces, and dead animals.
Previous claims of additional vampire squid species were later identified as juvenile forms of *V. infernalis*, which exhibit different physical traits as they mature. The newly identified *V. pseudoinfernalis* displays unique characteristics that set it apart from its cousin. For instance, the position of its photophores (light-producing organs) differs, and it has a pointed tail, unlike *V. infernalis*, which lacks one. Additionally, *V. pseudoinfernalis* has a beak with a longer wing on its lower jaw.
The discovery was made in 2016 and detailed in a study published on May 2 in the preprint journal BioRxiv. Genetic analysis supports that *V. pseudoinfernalis* is a distinct species. Researchers plan to analyze more specimens to confirm these morphological differences and to understand its diet better, which is likely similar to that of *V. infernalis*.
